Chapter 19

Mass migration - from Europe both into cities and to the Americas occurred because there were no travel restrictions (passports did not exist) and agriculture became mechanized.

Politics - England dominated the seas, ensuring free trade, policing against slave trade and against pirates. England, France and Belgium carved up Africa. America captured Mexican land and fought a bloody internal war over slavery.

Asia - America forced Japan to open itself to the outside, spurring Japan to become a world power. Britain forced China to open to trade, including opium, but China didn’t modernize and so became an easy target for Japan to dominate.

Art & Architecture – Picasso introduced a new abstract style of painting. With the invention of the elevator and structural steel, skyscrapers and big bridges became possible.

Third Great Transition –This industrial revolution allowed humans to move from being 95% farmers to over 50% workers and city dwellers in 2000 and increasing quickly. All parts of the world were in communication for the first time.

Notable Events

Year Event

Political

1848 Major worker revolts in Paris spread to Italy and Germany

1854 Crimean War – Russia fights Turkey , England & France

1860 American South (Confederacy) attempted to secede (to 1865)

1863 Lincoln signed Emancipation Proclamation freeing slaves

1850 European countries competed to subjugate Africa

1867 Karl Marx published “Das Kapital” defining communism

1870 Prussia defeated France and united German states

1905 Russian Japanese war marked Japanese strength

Economics & Technology

1840 Railroad building began in Europe and North America

1854 Otis demonstrated safe elevator, making skyscrapers practical

1866 Nobel invented dynamite, used money to start Nobel Prizes

1869 Suez Canal and American transcontinental railroad built

1876 Alexander Bell patented telephone, beating Grey by hours

1879 Edison perfected a practical light bulb

1905 Ford invented assembly line, mass produced inexpensive car

1905 Wright brothers’ first successful airplane flight

Science and Arts

1840 Agassiz ’s book established existence of Ice Ages

1847 Von Helmholtz stated law of conservation of energy

1854 Florence Nightingale introduced sanitary hospitals

1859 Darwin published Theory of Evolution

1862 Pasteur proposed pasteurization and theory of germs

1865 Maxwell’s equations united electricity & magnetism

1866 Mendel discovers genetic inheritance

1869 Mendeleyev formulates periodic table

1895 Picasso pioneered modern art movement

1896 Marie and Pierre Curie discovered radioactivity

1897 Electron discovered by Thompson

1900 Planck introduces quanta, leading to Quantum Physics

1901 Frank Lloyd Wright innovated in open housing design

1902 William James published “Varieties of Religious Experience”

1905 Einstein published Special Theory of Relativity

1910 Jazz born in New Orleans out of Blues and Ragtime

Human Population in 1910 1,700 million